COVID in Babies and Kids: Symptoms and Prevention
审核:
家长和孩子采取一切可能的安全预防措施，了解与COVID-19相关的所有风险和症状，这一点很重要.
亚伦·米尔斯顿，M.D., M.H.S.他是一名儿科医生 约翰霍普金斯儿童中心 也是传染病专家 约翰霍普金斯医院, 谈到了儿童的COVID-19症状, 如何保证婴儿和儿童的安全, 受感染儿童可能对他人构成危险, 以及MIS-C的概述, an uncommon but serious condition that may be related to exposure to the virus.
What should parents know about coronavirus variants in babies and children?
冠状病毒变异,包括 those with mutations that make them more contagious, 继续传播, particularly in areas with low rates of community COVID-19 vaccination.
对于年龄太小而不能接种疫苗的儿童(以及没有接种冠状病毒疫苗的成年人)，重要的是要遵循证明 COVID-19预防措施 比如在公共场合戴口罩, indoor places to reduce the chance of becoming infected with the coronavirus.
“Indoor activities are riskier than outdoor activities, 但风险可以通过掩盖来降低, 距离, 洗手, 改善通风,米尔斯顿说.
父母和照顾者应该明白，感染冠状病毒的儿童可能会出现并发症，需要住院治疗, 并能将病毒传染给他人.
在极少数情况下, 感染冠状病毒的儿童可能会出现严重的肺部感染，并因COVID-19病得很重, 死亡已经发生. 这就是为什么采取预防措施并预防儿童和成人感染是很重要的.
新生儿和婴儿会感染COVID-19吗?
It appears that women infected with the coronavirus can, 在极少数情况下, 把疾病传给她的孩子. Infants can also become infected shortly after being born. 根据 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 大多数冠状病毒检测呈阳性的新生儿症状轻微或根本没有症状, 和恢复, 但严重的病例已经发生. 孕妇应该采取额外的预防措施,包括 talking to your doctor about getting a COVID-19 vaccine以避免冠状病毒.
没有证据表明导致COVID-19的病毒存在于母乳中，但由于在母乳喂养期间有可能通过呼吸道飞沫传播COVID-19, it is very important to follow safety guidelines. 了解更多关于 COVID与母乳喂养.
COVID symptoms in babies, toddlers and children?
一般, COVID-19 symptoms in kids and babies are milder than those in adults, and some infected children may not have any signs of being sick at all.
COVID-19 symptoms for children and adults include:
- 咳嗽
- 发烧或发冷
- 呼吸短促或呼吸困难
- 肌肉或身体疼痛
- 喉咙痛
- 味觉或嗅觉新丧失
- 腹泻
- 头疼
- 新的疲劳
- 恶心或呕吐
- 鼻塞或流鼻涕
COVID-19和流感的一些症状是共同的，可能很难确定哪一种症状可能存在.
“有流感样症状的人应该小心不要让其他人接触，并应该接受检测，看看他们是否感染了COVID,米尔斯顿说。. “Testing for influenza virus can also be important, as available medicines can help reduce symptoms in those with influenza.”
Fever and cough are common COVID-19 symptoms in both adults and children; shortness of breath is more likely to be seen in adults. Children can have pneumonia, with or without obvious symptoms. They can also experience sore throat, excessive fatigue or diarrhea.
然而, serious illness in children with COVID-19 is possible, and parents should stay alert if their child is diagnosed with, 或者表现出, 这种疾病.
感染COVID-19的儿童:何时拨打911
如果父母或监护人注意到孩子出现以下警告信号，应立即寻求紧急或紧急医疗护理:
- Difficulty breathing or catching his or her breath
- 不能吞咽任何液体
- 新的困惑或无法觉醒
- 蓝色的嘴唇
Hand-washing and 冠状病毒 Prevention for Children
儿童严重COVID-19的危险因素
疾病预防控制中心的研究数据表明，一些儿童患COVID-19严重病例的风险可能更高, 住院的:需要在医院接受治疗的:
- 2岁以下儿童
- Black and Latino children, who can be affected by 健康差异, leaving them disproportionately vulnerable to severe COVID-19 complications
- 早产的儿童
- Those living with obesity or chronic lung disease
如果你认为你的孩子是 感染COVID-19, trust your instinct, especially if the child has a cough or fever. 联系你的儿科医生, family care practitioner or urgent care clinic if you don’t have a doctor, and follow their instructions carefully regarding isolation and testing.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
医生们注意到，一些儿童可能会经历一种称为多系统炎症综合征的疾病, or MIS-C after an infection with the coronavirus.
如果你的孩子发烧到华氏100度，马上打电话给你的家庭医生或儿科医生.4华氏度或更高，持续超过24小时，并且至少有以下症状之一:
- 异常虚弱或疲劳
- 红疹
- 腹部疼痛
- 呕吐和腹泻
- 红唇，裂唇
- 红眼睛
- 手脚肿胀
让我们谈谈健康(Hablemos de Sauld) |儿童的新常态:在COVID-19期间-第一部分
有疾病的儿童
How can immunocompromised kids get the care they need?
莱西DeLone儿童生活专家 约翰霍普金斯儿童中心, says, “Your child’s care team is your go-to resource. 你可以向孩子的医生询问他们在预防COVID-19的同时采取了哪些具体措施来为你的孩子提供治疗，以及让孩子接种疫苗是否合适,她说。.
Some office visits and follow-ups may be able to shift to telemedicine, but other treatments require your child’s physical presence. “父母可以提醒孩子，他们的治疗对保持他们的健康很重要，”德隆说. “年龄较大的儿童和青少年可能意识到，如果他们遇到这种病毒，他们的身体可能更难抵抗这种病毒.
Parents can reassure them that hospitals are aware of patients’ vulnerabilities, 做好了准备并采取了预防措施.”
哮喘: 患有哮喘的儿童可能会因COVID-19或任何其他呼吸道疾病而出现更严重的症状, 包括流感. 没有迹象表明大多数哮喘儿童因冠状病毒而出现严重症状, 但是要仔细观察它们, 如果出现症状, 打电话给孩子的医生讨论下一步，并根据需要安排适当的评估. 让你的孩子的药物补充，并特别注意避免引起哮喘发作的东西在你的孩子.
糖尿病: 控制血糖是关键. 糖尿病管理良好的儿童预计不会更容易感染COVID-19. But poorly controlled diabetes can weaken the immune system, 因此，父母和医生应该仔细观察这些孩子，寻找可能需要评估的迹象和症状.
How to Protect Your Kids from the 冠状病毒 and COVID-19
您的孩子是否接种了COVID疫苗
专家, 包括约翰霍普金斯大学, believe that there are many benefits to vaccinating children for COVID-19. The CDC recommends vaccines for children six months old and older, and experts at Johns Hopkins support those recommendations.
“Some of the coronavirus variants are very contagious, leaving unimmunized people at high risk of infection,米尔斯顿说。. “接种疫苗可以降低感染风险, 但最重要的是, 显著降低因这种和其他变异而住院和死亡的风险.”
美国.S. 美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)授权，疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)现在建议为6个月及以上的人接种COVID-19疫苗, 还有5岁及以上的人的助推器. 你是 最新的 当你接受了所有初级系列的剂量和所有推荐给你的加强剂时，在你的疫苗和加强剂上, 当符合条件的. 详情请参阅 疾病预防控制中心的COVID-19疫苗建议.
孩子们需要知道的关于新型冠状病毒肺炎的5个提示
Kids and families can reduce coronavirus risk together
尽管在大多数情况下，COVID-19对儿童的健康影响似乎没有对成人那么严重, it is important to avoid infection among children. 以下是父母和监护人可以提供的帮助:
打好所有的预防针. 确保所有符合条件的家庭成员尽快接种COVID-19疫苗和增强疫苗, 这同样适用于 流感疫苗 以及其他疫苗接种.
了解COVID-19的症状和体征 and be on the lookout for serious disease in kids.
记住安全预防措施 这对每个人都有帮助 远离COVID-19. 戴口罩，保持身体距离, especially if COVID-19 cases are at high levels in your area, can protect your family and other people who are vulnerable to infection.
保持手部卫生. Kids should wash their hands after using the bathroom, 打喷嚏, 咳嗽或擤鼻涕, 在吃东西(甚至是零食)之前和在户外玩耍回来后立即.
Milstone advises parents to teach kids to wash their hands regularly, 用肥皂和温水, 至少20秒. “They can help keep track of time by singing the ABCs, 这需要大约20秒才能完成,他说. 如果没有肥皂和水, 米尔斯顿说，其次最好的选择是含有至少60%酒精的洗手液.
“如果你的孩子拒绝洗手，或者在被要求洗手时变得非常沮丧, 给他们一点小奖励可能会有帮助, 比如贴纸, 庆祝他们每次洗手. Compliment them for doing a really good job while washing their hands.” It also helps when parents set an example by washing their own hands frequently.
咳嗽和打喷嚏要小心. “Encourage everyone in the family to cough and sneeze into their elbow, 而不是他们的手, and to wash their hands after each time this occurs,米尔斯顿说. “Throw away tissues after they are used,” he adds.
不要碰脸. Parents should remind children to avoid touching their face as much as possible. Milstone says it can help if kids carry a toy that will keep their hands busy, but he notes that parents should wash those toys regularly.
保持物品清洁. Wipe down toys and surfaces your child touches regularly, especially when traveling or when near a person who is sick. 清洁家里的表面，把清洁剂存放在孩子够不着的柜子里，或者用儿童安全柜锁锁住.
解决焦虑和压力. 作为一个家庭谈论事情可以帮助确定具体的恐惧和澄清事实. 这也有助于家庭讨论一个计划，以防有人生病或其他事情的发生，打断了正常的程序.
“Children will look to you when deciding how to feel about COVID-19. If you feel calm and prepared, they are likely to feel similarly,” Milstone notes.
